Bioactive Properties of Calcium Silicate–Based Bioceramics in Maintaining Pulp Vitality: An In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis

Abstract

The preservation of pulp vitality is a critical objective in contemporary endodontic practice, emphasizing the importance of bioactive materials that promote healing and regeneration. This study evaluates the bioactive properties of calcium silicate–based bioceramics in maintaining pulp vitality through both in vitro and in vivo analyses. In vitro investigations using human dental pulp stem cells revealed that materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine exhibit excellent biocompatibility, enhancing cell viability, proliferation, and odontoblastic differentiation. In vivo studies on animal models demonstrated that calcium silicate–based bioceramics induced the formation of a homogeneous dentin bridge, reduced inflammatory response, and effectively maintained pulp vitality. The release of calcium and silicate ions played a key role in stimulating mineralization and tissue repair. Compared with conventional calcium hydroxide, these materials provided superior sealing ability, bioactivity, and long-term stability. The findings suggest that calcium silicate–based bioceramics represent a reliable biomaterial class for vital pulp therapy, bridging the gap between biological compatibility and clinical performance.